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Related Concept Videos

Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

11.9K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

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The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
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Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer

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"Reverse genomics" and human endogenous retroviruses.

David M Markovitz1

  • 1Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association
|August 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered a new family of endogenous retroviruses within human genome centromeres. These viral sequences act as a genetic "bar-code," aiding the study of centromeres in health and disease.

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Virology
  • Human Genetics

Background:

  • Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) comprise 8% of the human genome, originating from ancient retroviral infections.
  • The biological significance of most ERVs remains largely unknown.
  • Centromeres are critical genomic regions, yet remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize novel endogenous retroviruses within the human genome.
  • To investigate the potential of ERV sequences as tools for centromere research.
  • To explore the application of "reverse genomics" in human genome annotation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of RNA from blood samples of human subjects with HIV infection.
  • Identification of novel retroviral sequences.

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RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level
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  • Sequence analysis to determine chromosomal origin, specifically within centromeric regions.

    • Main Results:

    • Discovery of a previously unknown family of endogenous retroviruses.
    • These novel ERVs are located in the centromeres of specific human chromosomes.
    • Specific sequences within these ERVs can identify their chromosome of origin, functioning as a "bar-code".

    Conclusions:

    • Novel endogenous retroviruses have been identified in human centromeres.
    • These viral sequences offer a unique tool for studying centromere biology and disease.
    • The study demonstrates the power of "reverse genomics" for genome annotation and discovery.