Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

156
Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
156
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

191
Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
191
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors01:29

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors

428
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.
428
Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

328
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450...
328
Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants01:18

Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants

2.7K
Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
Warfarin, a prominent vitamin K antagonist family member, exerts its effect by inhibiting the enzyme VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1). By hindering this enzyme, warfarin...
2.7K
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

135
The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
135

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Contributions to Constructing Forced-Choice Questionnaires Using the Thurstonian IRT Model.

Multivariate behavioral research·2023
Same author

Outcomes and Predictors of Response to Pregabalin for the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain Following Neuroablative Procedures: A Retrospective Observational Study.

Pain physician·2023
Same author

Hydrazine-Assisted Acidic Water Splitting Driven by Iridium Single Atoms.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2023
Same author

A photoelectrochemical aptasensor for tetracycline based on the self-assembly of 2D MoS<sub>2</sub> on a 3D ZnO/Au/ITO electrode.

The Analyst·2023
Same author

Low-Background Signal-On Homogeneous Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor for Hepatitis B Virus Detection Based on the Regulation of the Length of DNA Modified on the Nanoparticles by CRISPR/Cas12a and Hybridization Chain Reaction.

Analytical chemistry·2023
Same author

Neonatal outcomes and related risk factors of 30 cases with aplastic anemia in pregnancy: A retrospective study.

Early human development·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Author Spotlight: Genetic Profiling for Fluorouracil Response in Gastric Cancer
06:21

Author Spotlight: Genetic Profiling for Fluorouracil Response in Gastric Cancer

Published on: May 10, 2024

1.6K

A pharmacogenetics-based warfarin maintenance dosing algorithm from Northern Chinese patients.

Jinxing Chen1, Liying Shao1, Ling Gong2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Sino-German Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.

Plos One
|August 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Genetic variants VKORC1 and CYP2C9 significantly impact warfarin dosing in Northern Chinese patients. A developed algorithm improves personalized warfarin management, accounting for key genetic and clinical factors.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Author Spotlight: Genetic Profiling for Fluorouracil Response in Gastric Cancer
06:21

Author Spotlight: Genetic Profiling for Fluorouracil Response in Gastric Cancer

Published on: May 10, 2024

1.6K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

  • Warfarin dosing shows inconsistent associations with genetic variants in Chinese populations.
  • Limited research exists on warfarin dose algorithms in large Northern Chinese Han populations.
  • Personalized warfarin management is crucial for patients with heart-valve replacements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association of genetic variants with warfarin dose in Northern Chinese patients.
  • To develop and validate a warfarin dosing algorithm for this population.

Main Methods:

  • Genotyping of 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 787 patients on long-term warfarin therapy.
  • Analysis of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 SNPs' association with warfarin dose.
  • Development of a warfarin dosing algorithm using a derivation cohort (n=551) and validation in a separate cohort (n=236).

Main Results:

  • VKORC1 and CYP2C9 SNPs were significantly associated with warfarin dose.
  • Key factors influencing warfarin dose variability included VKORC1 rs7294 (27.3%) and CYP2C9*3 (7.0%), alongside clinical factors.
  • The developed algorithm showed significant correlation between predicted and actual maintenance warfarin doses in the validation cohort (r=0.609, P<0.001).

Conclusions:

  • VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genetic variations are significant determinants of warfarin dose in Northern Chinese patients.
  • The developed algorithm effectively predicts warfarin dose, enhancing personalized treatment strategies.
  • This study contributes to improving the personalized management of warfarin therapy in the target population.