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Hearing function in patients living with HIV/AIDS.

Amneris E Luque1, Mark S Orlando, U-Cheng Leong

  • 11Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, 2Department of Otolaryngology, 3Center for Navigation and Communication Sciences, and 4Center for Integrative Bioinformatics and Experimental Mathematics, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA.

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Hearing loss in HIV patients is not accelerated by age. While hearing loss increases with age in HIV-infected individuals, similar to the general population, specific low-frequency hearing impairments and tympanometry differences warrant further investigation.

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Area of Science:

  • Audiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Early HIV/AIDS reports suggested high rates of sensorineural hearing loss, potentially linked to advanced disease or opportunistic infections.
  • Antiretroviral drugs' ototoxicity and accelerated aging have been proposed as causes for hearing changes in HIV patients.
  • Previous studies had limitations, including small sample sizes and confounding factors, making definitive conclusions difficult.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate hearing function in a large cohort of HIV-1 infected patients compared to HIV-uninfected controls.
  • To determine if HIV infection is associated with accelerated hearing loss or age-related hearing decline.
  • To explore potential differences in audiometric and tympanometric measures between HIV-infected and uninfected individuals.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving over 300 HIV-1 infected patients and 137 HIV-uninfected controls.
  • A comprehensive 2-hour hearing test battery, including pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and tympanometry.
  • Statistical analysis using three-way ANOVA and logistic regression, stratifying HIV patients by disease stage.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in overall pure-tone average or hearing loss prevalence between HIV-infected and control groups.
  • Significant differences observed in word recognition scores, tympanogram static admittance, and tympanic gradient, particularly in late-stage HIV disease.
  • Hearing loss in HIV patients was associated with increased age, consistent with the general population, but low-frequency hearing thresholds were worse in late-stage HIV patients.

Conclusions:

  • HIV infection does not appear to cause premature or accelerated hearing loss compared to HIV-uninfected individuals.
  • The age-related increase in hearing loss probability is similar in HIV-infected and uninfected populations.
  • HIV-infected individuals exhibit distinct low-frequency hearing impairments and tympanometric differences that require further research.