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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...
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Cardiac muscle, or myocardium, is a specialized type of muscle found exclusively in the heart. Its unique structural and functional characteristics enable the heart to perform its vital role of pumping blood throughout the body continuously and rhythmically. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, possess an endomysium and perimysium but do not have an epimysium.
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Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
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A key characteristic of life is the ability to separate the external environment from the internal space. To do this, cells have evolved semi-permeable membranes that regulate the passage of biological molecules. Additionally, the cell membrane defines a cell’s shape and interactions with the external environment. Eukaryotic cell membranes also serve to compartmentalize the internal space into organelles, including the endomembrane structures of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and...
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Related Experiment Video

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An Approach to Study Shape-Dependent Transcriptomics at a Single Cell Level
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A role for membrane shape and information processing in cardiac physiology.

Ralph Knöll1

  • 1Innovative Medicines and Early Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases iMed, AstraZeneca Research and Development Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden, ralph.knoell@astrazeneca.com.

Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology
|August 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The heart

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Heart adapts to hemodynamic changes via regulatory feedback systems.
  • Current mechanosensation models (ion channels, Z-disc, costameres) are incomplete for myocardial plasticity.
  • Membrane geometry (surface area, curvature) influences cell signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review current mechanosensation models in the heart.
  • Explore the interaction between signaling, cardiac myocyte dynamics, and membrane shape.
  • Propose a self-organized system where membrane shape aids mechanosensation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of mechanosensation models.
  • Analysis of cardiac myocyte dynamics and membrane morphology.

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  • Theoretical exploration of shape-dependent signaling.

    • Main Results:

    • Membrane shape changes during cardiac cycles affect mechanosensitive signaling.
    • A novel concept linking membrane shape to cardiac plasticity is proposed.
    • Hypertrophy and fibrosis may be feedback mechanisms involving membrane inhomogeneity.

    Conclusions:

    • Cardiac plasticity and adaptation involve complex feedback systems.
    • Membrane shape and inhomogeneity play a crucial role in regulating cardiac signaling.
    • This framework may explain frequency-dependent effects on cardiac plasticity.