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Related Concept Videos

Larynx01:21

Larynx

6.3K
The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids,...
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Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

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Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease...
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Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

54
The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...
54
Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

16.6K
Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
16.6K
Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

6.5K
Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
6.5K
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

20
Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
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Human laryngitis caused by Clinostomum complanatum.

Hirotaka Hara, Yuji Miyauchi, Shinsaku Tahara

    Nagoya Journal of Medical Science
    |August 19, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    A rare human infection by the fish fluke Clinostomum complanatum occurred after consuming raw carp sashimi. Endoscopic removal of the worm resolved the patient's throat symptoms.

    Area of Science:

    • Medical Parasitology
    • Gastroenterology

    Background:

    • Clinostomum complanatum is a digenetic trematode typically found in fish-eating water birds.
    • Human infections are rare, with few documented cases primarily in Japan and Korea.

    Observation:

    • A 64-year-old man presented with throat irritation after eating raw carp sashimi.
    • Laryngeal endoscopy revealed a fluke attached to the aryepiglottic fold.

    Findings:

    • The worm was identified as Clinostomum complanatum.
    • Endoscopic removal using forceps, following local anesthesia, successfully treated the patient.
    • Symptoms resolved immediately after worm extraction.

    Implications:

    • This case highlights the potential for zoonotic transmission of Clinostomum complanatum through raw freshwater fish consumption.

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  • It underscores the importance of endoscopic procedures for diagnosing and treating rare human fluke infections.
  • Awareness of this parasitic infection is crucial for public health, especially in regions where consuming raw fish is common.