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Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System

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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations based in Geneva. The WHO has many initiatives that center around health. Primarily, they lead global efforts to expand universal health coverage using science-based policies and programs. They are also responsible for shaping health research agendas and developing norms and standards.
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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Breast health in developing countries.

C H Yip1, N A Taib

  • 1Department of Surgery, University Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.

Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society
|August 19, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Breast cancer mortality is higher in developing countries due to late-stage diagnosis and inadequate treatment access. Improving survival requires addressing barriers to early detection and ensuring optimal care for breast cancer patients globally.

Keywords:
ACCESS TO TREATMENTBREAST CANCERDEVELOPING COUNTRIES

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Global Health
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Breast cancer is a leading global cancer, with significantly higher mortality rates in developing countries compared to developed nations.
  • In 2012, developing countries accounted for more new breast cancer cases but a disproportionately higher number of deaths.
  • Survival is critically dependent on early detection and effective treatment, both of which are major challenges in low-resource settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the disparities in breast cancer incidence and mortality between developed and developing countries.
  • To identify the multifaceted barriers hindering early breast cancer detection in developing nations.
  • To underscore the critical need for accessible and optimal treatment for breast cancer in low-income countries.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of global cancer statistics (Globocan 2012) to compare breast cancer incidence and mortality.
  • Qualitative assessment of barriers to early detection, including physical, financial, educational, and socio-cultural factors.
  • Review of challenges in accessing optimal breast cancer treatment, such as lack of specialists, facilities, and drugs.

Main Results:

  • Developing countries face a higher burden of breast cancer mortality despite lower incidence compared to developed countries.
  • Significant barriers to early breast cancer detection include geographical isolation, financial constraints, lack of education, and cultural factors.
  • Suboptimal breast cancer care in low-income countries is attributed to shortages in specialist manpower, treatment facilities, and essential anticancer drugs.

Conclusions:

  • Urgent interventions are needed to improve early detection and treatment of breast cancer in developing countries.
  • Addressing socio-cultural and economic barriers is crucial for enhancing breast cancer screening program effectiveness.
  • International initiatives are vital for developing cost-effective guidelines to improve breast health outcomes in resource-limited settings.