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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
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[Olfactory function in old age].

T Hummel1

  • 1Interdisziplinäres Zentrum Riechen & Schmecken, Universitätsklinik Carl-Gustav-Carus an der TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland, thummel@mail.zih.tu-dresden.de.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory function often declines with age, affecting many older adults. However, recent research suggests that age-related olfactory loss may be preventable.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Sensory Science

Context:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a common condition in aging populations.
  • Approximately 25% of individuals over 52 years old experience olfactory loss.
  • Age-related olfactory decline impacts both functional and morphological aspects of olfactory processing.

Purpose:

  • To explore the prevalence and characteristics of age-related olfactory decline.
  • To investigate the potential for mitigating or preventing olfactory loss in older adults.
  • To synthesize recent findings challenging the inevitability of olfactory impairment with aging.

Summary:

  • Olfactory function significantly diminishes with advanced age, a prevalent issue affecting a substantial portion of the elderly population.
  • This decline manifests across all stages of olfactory information processing, encompassing both physiological and structural changes.
  • Emerging research provides evidence that olfactory loss associated with aging may not be an unavoidable consequence.

Impact:

  • Highlights the significant public health concern of age-related olfactory dysfunction.
  • Suggests potential avenues for interventions to preserve or restore olfactory abilities in the elderly.
  • Encourages further research into the mechanisms underlying olfactory aging and potential therapeutic strategies.