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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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Related Experiment Video

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Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
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The cellular redox environment alters antigen presentation.

Jonathan A Trujillo1, Nathan P Croft2, Nadine L Dudek2

  • 1From the Department of Microbiology and the Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|August 20, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cysteine peptides are often overlooked T cell epitopes. This study reveals they are physiologically modified by glutathione, impacting immune responses during viral infections.

Keywords:
Antigen PresentationAntigen ProcessingGlutathionylationMass Spectrometry (MS)Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)Redox RegulationT-cellViral Immunology

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Cysteine-containing peptides are crucial T cell epitopes but their prevalence is underestimated.
  • Naturally processed peptides bound to MHC molecules are key to T cell recognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the prevalence and modifications of cysteine-containing peptides in the immunopeptidome.
  • To investigate the role of oxidative stress and glutathione modification in T cell recognition during viral infections.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a large database (~70,000) of naturally processed MHC-bound peptides.
  • Identification and characterization of oxidative modifications on cysteine residues.
  • Assessment of T cell recognition of modified viral peptides.

Main Results:

  • Cysteine-containing peptides constitute 5-10% of the immunopeptidome, presented in an MHC allomorph-dependent manner.
  • A significant fraction of these peptides undergo S-glutathionylation, a physiological modification.
  • Glutathione modification of viral peptides alters T cell recognition, linking cellular redox state to immune signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Oxidative stress, specifically S-glutathionylation, is a physiological mechanism modulating T cell responses to viral infections.
  • This modification provides a structural basis for altered T cell recognition.
  • The findings highlight the underappreciated role of cysteine modifications in adaptive immunity.