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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Tissues01:18

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Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main types of tissue in vertebrates: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
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Tissues are a group of cells that share a common embryonic origin. Microscopic observation reveals that the cells in a tissue share morphological features and are arranged in an orderly pattern to perform specific functions. From an evolutionary perspective, tissues appear in more complex organisms. Although there are many types of cells in the human body, they are organized into four broad categories of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Each of these categories is...
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The cadherins are a superfamily of cell adhesion molecules comprising over 180 variants, with specific tissues expressing a particular combination of cadherin types. Cadherins generally exhibit homophilic binding; i.e., cadherins on one cell bind to cadherins of the same or closely related type on another cell. Thus, cells of the same type have a specific affinity to bind to each other and sort themselves into clusters to form tissues.
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The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term "cell" based on the resemblance of the small subdivisions in the cork to the rooms that monks inhabited, called cells. About ten years later, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to observe the living and moving cells under a microscope. In the century that followed, the theory that cells represented the basic unit of life developed.
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Differentiation of Mouse Breast Epithelial HC11 and EpH4 Cells
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The cellular basis of tissue separation.

François Fagotto1

  • 1Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada francois.fagotto@mcgill.ca.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|August 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Embryonic tissue separation relies on local cell surface cues, not just global properties. These cues trigger rapid cellular changes, preventing cell mixing and guiding tissue development.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Embryonic tissue subdivision is crucial for development.
  • Past hypotheses on tissue separation lacked experimental support.
  • Recent advances in biophysical modeling have revitalized the field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss models of embryonic boundary formation.
  • To summarize recent studies on tissue separation.
  • To shift understanding from global properties to local cellular reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of biophysical modeling in developmental biology.
  • Analysis of recent experimental studies on tissue separation.
  • Characterization of local cellular reactions and cell surface cues.
Keywords:
Cell-cell adhesionDifferential adhesion hypothesisEmbryonic boundariesEphrin/Eph signalingMorphogenesis

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Main Results:

  • Evidence favors models where separation is controlled by cell surface cues.
  • Cell-cell contact induces changes in cytoskeletal and adhesive properties.
  • Local cues integrate to influence tissue morphogenetic properties and separation.

Conclusions:

  • Embryonic tissue separation is regulated by local cellular responses to surface cues.
  • Understanding these local interactions is key to comprehending tissue morphogenetic properties.
  • This perspective moves beyond simple global tissue property comparisons.