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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

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Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features...
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Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

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Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the...
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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
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Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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Central hypoadrenalism.

R K Crowley1, N Argese, J W Tomlinson

  • 1Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism (R.K.C., N.A., J.W.T.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and University of Leeds School of Medicine (P.M.S.), Leeds LS2 9NL, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|August 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Central hypoadrenalism, often caused by pituitary issues, requires careful glucocorticoid management. Research aims to prevent disease and find biomarkers for optimal treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pituitary Disorders
  • Adrenal Insufficiency

Background:

  • Central hypoadrenalism is a common complication of pituitary and hypothalamic diseases.
  • It is associated with significant increases in morbidity and mortality.
  • Effective management relies on accurate diagnostic tests and clinical assessment of glucocorticoid replacement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current evidence on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of central hypoadrenalism.
  • To highlight challenges in patient identification and management.
  • To suggest future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive PubMed search was performed using key terms related to central hypoadrenalism and glucocorticoids.
  • Identified literature and their references were systematically reviewed.
  • Evidence was synthesized to provide a summary of the field.

Main Results:

  • The review covers the causes, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies for central hypoadrenalism.
  • Exogenous glucocorticoid use is identified as the most frequent cause.
  • Clinical management requires careful monitoring and assessment.

Conclusions:

  • A functioning hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is critical for health.
  • Challenges exist in diagnosing and managing patients requiring glucocorticoid replacement.
  • Future research should focus on disease prevention and identifying biomarkers for optimal glucocorticoid sufficiency.