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Environmental conditions during development trigger stress hormones, influencing amphibian metamorphosis and mammalian birth. This developmental plasticity, mediated by stress hormones, can have lasting effects on physiology and behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Developmental plasticity allows genotypes to produce varied phenotypes based on environmental cues.
  • Amphibians exhibit direct and indirect development, with indirect development featuring a larval stage and metamorphosis.
  • Environmental factors during larval stages in amphibians induce plasticity in morphology, behavior, and metamorphosis timing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of the neuroendocrine stress axis in mediating environmental influences on animal development.
  • To investigate the conserved mechanisms of developmental plasticity across species, using amphibians as models.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of developmental modes (direct vs. indirect) in chordates.
  • Examination of the effects of stress hormones on amphibian metamorphosis and mammalian parturition.
  • Review of studies on carry-over effects and developmental programming in amphibians.

Main Results:

  • Stress hormones accelerate metamorphosis in amphibians facing deteriorating larval habitats.
  • Stress hormones can hasten parturition in mammals, contributing to pre-term birth under intrauterine stress.
  • Elevated stress hormone exposure during development can lead to reduced growth and permanent neurological and behavioral changes.

Conclusions:

  • Stress hormone actions in development are evolutionarily conserved, highlighting amphibians as valuable models for studying developmental plasticity.
  • While stress hormones can aid survival in adverse conditions, they may incur costs like reduced size and long-term physiological alterations.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for comprehending how environmental stress shapes development and lifelong traits.