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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
2.3K
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.5K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
3.5K
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

2.1K
Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
2.1K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.7K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Prescribed 3-D Direct Writing of Suspended Micron/Sub-micron Scale Fiber Structures via a Robotic Dispensing System
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Polymerization kinetics in three-dimensional direct laser writing.

Jonathan B Mueller1, Joachim Fischer, Frederik Mayer

  • 1Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|August 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Investigating three-dimensional direct laser writing polymerization kinetics using in-situ scattered light reveals oxygen

Keywords:
crosslinkinglaser lithographymulti-photon absorptionpolymer chemistryradical polymerization

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Photopolymerization
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Three-dimensional direct laser writing (3D DLW) is a key additive manufacturing technique.
  • Understanding polymerization kinetics is crucial for controlling 3D DLW processes.
  • In-situ monitoring offers a powerful tool for kinetic studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the polymerization kinetics during 3D DLW using in-situ scattered light measurements.
  • To elucidate the influence of oxygen and inhibitor concentration on polymerization dynamics.
  • To determine the characteristic polymerization time for common photoresist systems.

Main Methods:

  • In-situ scattered light analysis during 3D DLW.
  • Kinetic modeling incorporating oxygen quenching, diffusion, and inhibitor depletion.
  • Utilizing photoresists based on multifunctional acrylates.

Main Results:

  • Scattered light measurements provide detailed insights into polymerization behavior.
  • Oxygen quenching, diffusion, and inhibitor depletion significantly affect polymerization rates.
  • Polymerization in typical acrylate-based photoresists completes in under a millisecond.

Conclusions:

  • In-situ scattered light is a valuable method for studying 3D DLW kinetics.
  • Precise control of oxygen levels and inhibitor concentrations is vital for optimizing 3D DLW.
  • The rapid polymerization kinetics necessitate advanced control strategies for high-resolution 3D fabrication.