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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

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The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

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Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
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Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
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A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate NMDA Receptor in Blood
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Autoimmune NMDA receptor encephalitis.

Eszter Lazar-Molnar1, Anne E Tebo1

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; ARUP Institute for Crlinical and Experimental Pathology, 500 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States.

Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
|August 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune CNS disease treatable with immunosuppression. Early diagnosis via reliable NMDAR autoantibody testing improves patient outcomes.

Keywords:
AutoantibodyEncephalitisNMDA receptorPsychosis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Autoimmune Neurology

Background:

  • Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is a central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disorder.
  • It presents with diverse neurological and psychiatric symptoms, often mimicking other conditions.
  • Autoantibodies against the NMDAR protein are key pathogenic factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of laboratory testing for anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
  • To highlight advancements and challenges in diagnostic methods.
  • To discuss future perspectives in evaluating and managing this condition.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on anti-NMDAR encephalitis diagnostics.
  • Focus on cell-based indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests for NMDAR IgG detection.
  • Discussion of clinical utility and limitations of available tests.

Main Results:

  • Accurate diagnosis and early immunosuppressive therapy significantly improve outcomes.
  • Non-specific symptoms can lead to under-recognition of the disease.
  • Reliable detection of NMDAR autoantibodies is critical for timely management.

Conclusions:

  • Cell-based assays for NMDAR autoantibodies are now available for clinical use.
  • Continued development and validation of diagnostic tests are essential.
  • Improved laboratory testing will enhance early diagnosis and treatment of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.