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Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears
Published on: March 6, 2026
Management of type 3 acromioclavicular joint dislocations--current controversies
Abstract:
AC (acromioclavicular) joint dislocations are a common injury seen by physicians. Symptoms range from minor discomfort with activity to complete disability of the extremity. Although most orthopaedic surgeons agree on how to treat either mild (type 1-2) or severe (type 4-6) injuries, there is no consensus for treatment of type 3 injuries. This article reviews the relevant literature pertaining to the anatomy of the injury, evaluation of the patient, pertinent imaging as well as the controversial management of type 3 AC joint dislocations. With improvement in surgical techniques over the past 30 years, there have been many published studies evaluating both operative and non-operative care. Surgery has shown dramatic improvement in patient-rated outcomes; however, it is not always without complications. These risks in some patients may not be worth the potential surgical benefits. In type 3 AC joint injuries each patient and pathology must be carefully analyzed to ensure that the correct treatment option is chosen.
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