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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

418
A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
418
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

1.0K
Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
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Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

2.1K
The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
2.1K
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
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[Urinary tract tumors].

Katsunori Uchida, Taizo Shiraishi

    Rinsho Byori. the Japanese Journal of Clinical Pathology
    |August 26, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    The 2011 guidelines integrate bladder, renal pelvis, and ureteral cancer classifications, aligning with WHO/ISUP 2004 standards. This update refines urothelial carcinoma grading and introduces detailed subtyping for improved diagnosis and prognosis.

    Area of Science:

    • Urological Pathology
    • Oncology
    • Cancer Classification

    Context:

    • The 2011 guidelines integrated previous bladder, renal pelvis, and ureteral cancer studies.
    • This new guideline aligns with the World Health Organization/International Urological Pathology 2004 classification.
    • Urothelial carcinoma is now divided into non-invasive and invasive categories.

    Purpose:

    • To update and integrate the General Rules for Clinical and Pathological Studies for bladder, renal pelvis, and ureteral cancers.
    • To standardize histopathological diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma according to WHO/ISUP 2004 criteria.
    • To refine tumor grading and introduce comprehensive subtyping for invasive urothelial carcinoma.

    Summary:

    • The 2011 guidelines adopt a two-grade classification (low and high) for non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma.

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  • Twelve subtypes for invasive urothelial carcinoma are now recognized, adhering to WHO/ISUP 2004 classification.
  • Specific handling and classification of urothelial carcinoma with squamous, glandular, or trophoblastic differentiation are modified, including nine rare subtypes.

    • Impact:

    • Improved diagnostic accuracy and consistency in urothelial carcinoma classification.
    • Enhanced differentiation between benign and malignant lesions, aiding treatment selection.
    • Better correlation between tumor subtypes and patient prognosis in renal pelvis, ureteral, and bladder cancers.