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Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...

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Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Published on: May 31, 2021

Contact urticaria and the environment.

Ana Giménez-Arnau

Reviews on Environmental Health

|August 26, 2014

Summary

Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin reaction. This review focuses on contact urticaria (CoU), often misdiagnosed as part of the CoU syndrome (CUS).

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Dermatology
Toxicology

Background:

The environment encompasses external physical, biological, and chemical factors.
Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin response to environmental agents.
While eczema is common, other reactions like urticaria and contact urticaria (CoU) exist.

Purpose of the Study:

To review contact urticaria (CoU).
To highlight CoU as part of the often-misdiagnosed CoU syndrome (CUS).

Main Methods:

Literature review on contact urticaria.
Analysis of clinical presentations of CoU.
Discussion of diagnostic challenges in CoU syndrome (CUS).

Main Results:

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Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

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Contact urticaria (CoU) presents with urticarial lesions.
CoU is frequently misdiagnosed.
CoU is a distinct entity within the CoU syndrome (CUS).

Conclusions:

Contact urticaria (CoU) requires specific diagnostic consideration.
Accurate diagnosis of CoU is crucial for managing CoU syndrome (CUS).
Further research into CoU and CUS is warranted.