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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Expansion and Enrichment of Gamma-Delta γδ T Cells from Apheresed Human Product
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Expansion and Enrichment of Gamma-Delta γδ T Cells from Apheresed Human Product

Published on: September 22, 2021

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Gamma-delta t-cell lymphomas.

Marco Foppoli1, Andrés J M Ferreri

  • 1Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Division of Onco-Hematological Medicine, Department of Onco-Hematology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.

European Journal of Haematology
|August 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gamma-delta T-cell lymphomas are rare, aggressive cancers. This review analyzes their diagnosis, staging, and behavior, offering management recommendations and highlighting research needs.

Keywords:
T-cell lymphomaextranodal lymphomagamma-delta T lymphocyteshepatosplenic gamma-delta T-cell lymphomaprimary cutaneous gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Gamma-delta T-cell lymphomas (GDTLs) are rare, aggressive neoplasms derived from gamma-delta T-cells.
  • These lymphocytes are crucial in innate immunity and have distinct subpopulations (Vdelta1 and Vdelta2).
  • Risk factors include chronic immunosuppression and prolonged antigenic exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review current evidence on the diagnosis, staging, and clinical behavior of GDTLs.
  • To provide evidence-based recommendations for therapeutic management in clinical practice.
  • To identify unmet clinical needs and guide future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of existing studies on GDTLs.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria, staging systems, and treatment outcomes.
  • Synthesis of data to formulate clinical management guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Two main entities recognized: Hepatosplenic GDTL (HSGDTL) and Primary Cutaneous GDTL (PCGDTL).
  • HSGDTL presents in young males with B symptoms and splenomegaly, showing poor response rates and survival.
  • PCGDTL is rare, aggressive, and occurs in adults with comorbidities, with limited long-term survival data.

Conclusions:

  • GDTLs are challenging malignancies with delayed diagnosis and poorly established treatments.
  • Current literature is fragmented, necessitating standardized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
  • Further research is crucial to improve outcomes for patients with these rare lymphomas.