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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
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'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake

Published on: September 18, 2018

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Fruit and vegetable intake and cause-specific mortality in the EPIC study.

Max Leenders1, Hendriek C Boshuizen, Pietro Ferrari

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, m.b.leenders@uu.nl.

European Journal of Epidemiology
|August 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Higher fruit and vegetable intake, especially raw vegetables, is linked to lower mortality from circulatory, respiratory, and digestive diseases. This association may depend on preparation methods and lifestyle factors.

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'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
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'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Fruit and vegetable consumption is linked to reduced overall mortality.
  • Understanding specific causes of death affected by diet is crucial for public health.
  • The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study provides a large cohort for dietary research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify specific causes of death associated with fruit and vegetable consumption.
  • To investigate the differential impact of fruit versus vegetable intake on mortality.
  • To examine the influence of vegetable preparation methods (raw vs. cooked) on mortality risk.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from over 450,000 participants in the EPIC study.
  • Collected lifestyle, dietary, and vital status information via questionnaires and registries.
  • Employed Cox regression models to calculate adjusted Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) for mortality from specific causes.

Main Results:

  • High fruit and vegetable intake (>569 g/day) was associated with lower mortality from circulatory, respiratory, and digestive diseases compared to low intake (<249 g/day).
  • Inverse associations were stronger for vegetables than fruits, and more pronounced for raw than cooked vegetables.
  • Raw vegetable consumption showed additional inverse associations with mortality from neoplasms and mental/behavioral disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Higher fruit and vegetable intake, particularly raw vegetables, contributes to reduced mortality from several major disease categories.
  • Dietary impact on mortality varies by food type (fruit vs. vegetable) and preparation method.
  • Lifestyle factors and vegetable preparation methods likely modulate the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption.