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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

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When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
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Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
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¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)01:15

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Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT) is an advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique specifically designed to detect and enhance the signals of low-abundance nuclei, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15, in small molecules. The fundamental principle behind INEPT is the transfer of polarization from a more abundant and highly polarizable nucleus, typically hydrogen-1, to the low-abundance nucleus of interest. This process effectively boosts the NMR signal of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Hyperpolarized 13C Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging
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A 2DRF pulse sequence for bolus tracking in hyperpolarized 13C imaging.

Shuyu Tang1, Wenwen Jiang1,2, Hsin-Yu Chen1,2

  • 1Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|August 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Two-dimensional radiofrequency (2DRF) pulses enhance hyperpolarized 13C imaging by efficiently tracking injected substrates. This method improves time resolution and reduces signal loss, paving the way for human studies.

Keywords:
13C2DRF pulseMRIbolus trackinghyperpolarizedpyruvatereduced field of view imaging

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Real-Time Metabolic Detection in Living Cells Using Hyperpolarized 13C NMR
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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Hyperpolarized Contrast Agents

Background:

  • Hyperpolarized 13C imaging offers metabolic insights but faces challenges in substrate tracking and signal preservation.
  • Efficient monitoring of injected substrates is crucial for accurate metabolic product detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel application of two-dimensional (2D) spatially selective radiofrequency (2DRF) excitation pulses for hyperpolarized 13C imaging.
  • To improve the monitoring of bolus injection and substrate polarization for enhanced metabolic product detection.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a 2DRF pulse with a spiral trajectory compatible with clinical gradient systems.
  • Conducted in vivo imaging experiments in rats using hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate.
  • Compared the performance of the 2DRF pulse sequence against conventional 1D radiofrequency (1DRF) excitation pulses.

Main Results:

  • The 2DRF pulse achieved an 8-fold improvement in time resolution for bolus tracking compared to 1DRF.
  • Demonstrated reduced hyperpolarization saturation for both substrate and metabolic products with 2DRF.
  • Showed robustness to magnetic field inhomogeneity (±0.5 ppm at 3T).

Conclusions:

  • 2DRF pulses offer efficient bolus injection monitoring in hyperpolarized 13C imaging with reduced saturation.
  • The developed 2DRF pulse parameters are clinically translatable, enabling rapid progression to human studies.