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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Source And Potency Of Stem Cells01:27

Source And Potency Of Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...
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Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell01:06

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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Adult Stem Cells01:33

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Evaluation of Stem Cell Properties in Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Using Multi and Single Cell-based Spheres Assays
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Ovarian germline stem cells.

Cheryl E Dunlop, Evelyn E Telfer, Richard A Anderson

    Stem Cell Research & Therapy
    |August 27, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Evidence suggests female mammals may possess germline stem cells (GSCs) that replenish oocytes, challenging the fixed ovarian reserve theory. If confirmed, GSCs could revolutionize fertility preservation and understanding menopause.

    Area of Science:

    • Reproductive Biology
    • Stem Cell Research
    • Gametogenesis

    Background:

    • Germline stem cells (GSCs) are established in males for lifelong sperm production.
    • Their presence in adult female mammals is debated, with a prevailing theory of a fixed ovarian reserve.
    • Some invertebrates and lower vertebrates utilize GSCs for oocyte replenishment.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the controversial existence and function of germline stem cells (GSCs) in adult female mammals.
    • To explore the potential implications of female GSCs on theories of ovarian reserve and menopause.
    • To highlight the potential applications of female GSCs in fertility preservation and reproductive medicine.

    Main Methods:

    • Isolation and culture of putative GSCs from adult mouse and human ovaries.

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  • Assessment of GSC function through live offspring production (mice) and primordial follicle formation (human GSCs in xenografts).

    • Main Results:

    • Putative GSCs have been isolated and cultured from adult ovaries of mice and humans.
    • Live offspring were produced from cultured adult mouse GSCs.
    • Human GSCs successfully formed primordial follicles within a mouse xenograft model.

    Conclusions:

    • Accumulating evidence supports the presence of GSCs in adult female mammals, challenging the fixed ovarian reserve dogma.
    • The existence of GSCs could reframe our understanding of menopause, suggesting it may relate to GSC aging rather than oocyte depletion.
    • Confirmed female GSCs offer significant potential for fertility preservation strategies and as models for germ cell development.