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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Nuclear Stability

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles
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Atomic-scale evolution of a growing core-shell nanoparticle.

Shai Mangel1, Eran Aronovitch, Andrey N Enyashin

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|August 27, 2014
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study uses advanced transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to visualize atomic-scale growth on nanoparticle surfaces in solution. Researchers observed direct growth and shell formation, revealing insights into nanoparticle structural evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Understanding atomic-scale growth at solid/solution interfaces is crucial for molecular and materials chemistry.
  • Studying chemistry on nanoparticle surfaces in solution presents significant challenges.
  • Direct visualization of growth processes at the nanoscale is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide atomic-scale resolution of growth processes on inorganic nanoparticle surfaces.
  • To directly observe and analyze the formation of nanoparticle shells.
  • To correlate synthetic methods with observed atomic structures and defects.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized state-of-the-art aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
  • Employed focal series reconstruction for atomic-scale resolution.
  • Studied cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles and their transformation into cadmium sulfide (CdS) shells.

Main Results:

  • Achieved direct, atomic-scale observation of growth on CdSe nanoparticle surfaces.
  • Revealed the formation process of CdS shells on CdSe cores.
  • Identified and mapped lattice disorder, such as stacking faults, within CdSe cores and observed their elimination during annealing.

Conclusions:

  • The developed strategy enables direct, atomic-scale monitoring of nanoparticle growth and structural evolution in solution.
  • Insights into defect dynamics and their reduction during annealing were gained.
  • This approach offers a powerful tool for understanding and controlling the synthesis of inorganic nanostructures.