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Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

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Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
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Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
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Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

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The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the...
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Drugs that Stabilize Microtubules01:15

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Microtubules are dynamic structures that undergo cycles of catastrophe and rescue. The microtubules play a central role in cell division by forming the spindle apparatus for segregating the chromosomes. This makes them ideal targets for regulating dividing cells in tumors and malignant cancer cells. Microtubule stabilizing drugs help stabilize the microtubule formation and promote its polymerization. Paclitaxel was the first microtubule stabilizing agent used as anticancer drug in chemotherapy...
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Allosteric Proteins-ATCase01:19

Allosteric Proteins-ATCase

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Binding sites linkages can regulate a protein's function.  For example, enzyme activity is often regulated through a feedback mechanism where the end product of the biochemical process serves as an inhibitor.
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Fungal Phylum Ascomycota

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Phylum Ascomycota, a major division within the subkingdom Dikarya, comprises a diverse range of fungal species, including both unicellular yeasts and filamentous molds such as Aspergillus and Penicillium. These fungi thrive in a variety of habitats, from aquatic ecosystems to terrestrial environments, playing crucial ecological and economic roles.Morphology and ReproductionThe defining characteristic of Ascomycetes, commonly referred to as sac fungi, is the ascus—a sac-like structure that...
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Source and Route of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Contamination in Tea Samples
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Jeremy Robertson1, Kiri Stevens

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK. jeremy.robertson@chem.ox.ac.uk.

Natural Product Reports
|August 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This review details pyrrolizidine alkaloids from nature, covering their structure, isolation, and biological effects. It also explores the synthesis of related compounds.

Area of Science:

  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a diverse group of natural products found in various plant families.
  • These compounds are known for their complex structures and significant biological activities, including toxicity and medicinal properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of pyrrolizidine alkaloids isolated from natural sources.
  • To discuss structural features, isolation techniques, and biological/pharmacological profiles of PAs.
  • To review the total synthesis of necic acids, necine bases, and related non-natural analogues.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
  • Analysis of structural data, isolation procedures, and biological assays reported in the literature.

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  • Examination of synthetic strategies for necic acids, necine bases, and analogues.

    • Main Results:

    • Detailed discussion of the structural diversity and isolation methods for naturally occurring pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
    • Summary of the known biological and pharmacological effects of various PAs.
    • Overview of advancements in the total synthesis of key PA structural components and their analogues.

    Conclusions:

    • Pyrrolizidine alkaloids represent a significant class of natural products with diverse chemical structures and biological activities.
    • Continued research into their synthesis and pharmacology is crucial for understanding their roles and potential applications.
    • This review consolidates current knowledge, highlighting areas for future investigation in PA chemistry and biology.