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Related Concept Videos

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
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[Hypercalcemia].

Niina Matikainen

    Duodecim; Laaketieteellinen Aikakauskirja
    |August 28, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Primary hyperparathyroidism is the main cause of hypercalcemia, with parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels guiding diagnosis. Prompt treatment is crucial for severe cases, involving rehydration, loop diuretics, and bisphosphonates.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology and Metabolism
    • Nephrology

    Context:

    • Hypercalcemia, a condition of elevated calcium levels, presents diagnostic challenges.
    • Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most frequent etiology.
    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels are pivotal in differentiating causes.

    Purpose:

    • To outline the diagnostic approach to hypercalcemia.
    • To detail management strategies for severe hypercalcemia and hypercalcemic crisis.

    Summary:

    • Initiate differential diagnosis with parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels.
    • Consider malignancy when PTH is suppressed.
    • Manage severe hypercalcemia by discontinuing causative agents, ensuring rehydration, and administering loop diuretics and bisphosphonates.

    Impact:

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    • Provides a clear diagnostic and management pathway for hypercalcemia.
    • Emphasizes timely intervention for hypercalcemic crisis to prevent complications.
    • Highlights key investigations and therapeutic agents for effective patient care.