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Related Concept Videos

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Surface Tension and Surface Energy01:16

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When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
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Adhesion01:14

Adhesion

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Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
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Cohesion01:07

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Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
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The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Preparation and High-temperature Anti-adhesion Behavior of a Slippery Surface on Stainless Steel
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Sticky surface: sphere-sphere adhesion dynamics.

Sarthok Sircar1, John G Younger, David M Bortz

  • 1a School of Mathematical Sciences , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , SA 5000 , Australia.

Journal of Biological Dynamics
|August 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study models particle aggregation in fluids. Elastic ligands and ionic fluid composition promote larger particle flocs by enhancing collision efficiency and sticking probability.

Keywords:
Smoluchowski coagulation equationsaggregationbinding ligandssticking probability

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and Surface Science
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Fluid-immersed particle adhesion is crucial in natural and engineered systems, especially microbial surface adhesion.
  • Understanding particle aggregation requires bridging micro-scale binding events to macro-scale aggregate properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a multi-scale model for studying the attachment of ligand-coated spherical particles in a fluid.
  • To investigate how micro-scale ligand binding kinetics and fluid properties influence macro-scale floc size distribution.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a multi-scale theoretical model linking micro-scale binding kinetics to macro-scale aggregation.
  • Incorporation of ligand elasticity and ionic fluid properties into an aggregation kernel.
  • Analysis of particle-particle interactions and collision efficiencies.

Main Results:

  • Elastic ligands on particle surfaces enhance floc formation by increasing inter-floc collision sticking probability (g).
  • Higher ionic strength in the surrounding fluid also favors the formation of larger particle aggregates (flocs).
  • The model recovers Brownian diffusion for hard spheres under conditions of perfect binding (g=1) and neutral solutions.

Conclusions:

  • Particle surface properties (ligand elasticity) and fluid environment (ionic composition) significantly control aggregate size.
  • The developed multi-scale model provides a framework for predicting floc formation in diverse colloidal systems.
  • Insights are applicable to understanding microbial adhesion and designing engineered colloidal materials.