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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
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Overview of Skeletal Muscle01:15

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Skeletal muscles are composed of a bundle of muscle fibers and are attached to bones through tendons. Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single muscle cell. The sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell, consists of a lipid bilayer and glycocalyx that supports muscle fibers. The sarcolemma extends into the muscle cells to form tubular structures called transverse or T-tubules. Each side of the T-tubules consists of a membrane-bound structure called the sarcoplasmic reticulum,...
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Overview of Protein Metabolism01:21

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Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
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Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

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Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
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Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

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The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
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Muscle Recovery and Fatigue01:24

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

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Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective...
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Muscle wasting: an overview of recent developments in basic research.

Sandra Palus1, Stephan von Haehling, Jochen Springer

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Muscle wasting conditions like cachexia and sarcopenia increase patient mortality and healthcare costs. Recent research identifies novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for skeletal muscle mass, though no new treatments have been approved.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical research
  • Skeletal muscle physiology
  • Disease pathology

Background:

  • Cachexia, sarcopenia, and muscle atrophy are significant health issues causing increased morbidity and mortality.
  • These conditions represent a substantial socio-economic burden due to their prevalence and impact on patient outcomes.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of muscle wasting is crucial for developing effective interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in basic research concerning skeletal muscle wasting.
  • To identify novel therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers for muscle mass assessment.
  • To cover significant publications from the last three years on muscle wasting.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on publications from the past three years.
  • Analysis of research on the causes and effects of muscle wasting.
  • Identification of emerging therapeutic targets and biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • Identified therapeutic targets include E3 ligases (TRIM32, SOCS1/3, Mul1), MST1 kinase, and G-protein Gαi2.
  • D(3)-creatine shows potential as a novel biomarker for monitoring skeletal muscle mass changes.
  • Despite significant research efforts, no new therapies for muscle wasting have been approved recently.

Conclusions:

  • Substantial progress has been made in identifying targets and biomarkers for muscle wasting.
  • Academic and pharmaceutical groups are actively pursuing new therapeutic strategies.
  • Muscle wasting remains a critical unmet medical need, necessitating continued research and development.