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Related Concept Videos

Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

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Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process...
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Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
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Cognitive Therapy01:25

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Cognitive therapy, pioneered by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, is a structured approach to addressing psychological distress by focusing on the influence of thoughts on emotions and behaviors. All cognitive therapies involve the basic assumption that human beings have control over their feelings, and that how individuals feel about something depends on how they think about it. Unlike psychoanalytic methods that delve into unconscious processes or humanistic approaches emphasizing...
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The Influence of Cognition on Affect01:29

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Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be...
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Cognitive Learning01:21

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
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Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance
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Cognitive control: easy to identify but hard to define.

J Bruce Morton1, Fredrick Ezekiel, Heather A Wilk

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Western OntarioGraduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario.

Topics in Cognitive Science
|August 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Cognitive control

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Cognitive control is observable through its effects but conceptually challenging.
  • Distinguishing cognitive control as a real process versus an observer-dependent epiphenomenon is a key debate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize and critically respond to diverse perspectives on cognitive control.
  • To clarify central conceptual and empirical challenges in the field of cognitive control.

Main Methods:

  • Review and commentary on papers from a special edition of topiCS.
  • Synthesis of various viewpoints on cognitive control.

Main Results:

  • The special edition highlights a broad range of perspectives on cognitive control.
  • Central conceptual and empirical challenges facing the field are clarified.
Keywords:
Cognitive controlCognitive neuroscienceComputational modelingEvolutionLanguage

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Conclusions:

  • Cognitive control remains a complex topic with ongoing debate.
  • Further clarification of conceptual and empirical challenges is provided by the reviewed works.