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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Internal Anatomy of the Kidney01:12

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
Anatomical Position and Dimensions
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
Renal Cortex
The outermost region of the kidney is the...
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Renal Corpuscle01:20

Renal Corpuscle

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The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous...
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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
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Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Author Spotlight: Developing a Bedside Protocol for Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasonography
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How simple are 'simple renal cysts'?

Roslyn J Simms1, Albert C M Ong2

  • 1Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK Renal Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK Kidney Genetics Group, Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK Sheffield Kidney Institute, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK.

Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|August 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Renal cysts are common and usually benign. Stage I renal cysts, as defined by the Bosniak Classification, should not prevent kidney donation after excluding occult renal disease.

Keywords:
ADPKDacquired cystic diseaserenal cell carcinomarenal transplantationsimple renal cysts

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Microscopic Cyst Resection for the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed with Epididymal Cyst
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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Radiology
  • Transplantation

Background:

  • Medical imaging frequently reveals renal cysts, often considered benign.
  • Recent studies suggest potential links between renal cysts and hypertension or malignancy.
  • Conflicting terminology for 'simple' cysts complicates clinical interpretation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose standardized terminology for renal cysts.
  • To clarify the implications of renal cysts for kidney donation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on renal cyst classification and clinical significance.
  • Analysis of the Bosniak Classification system for renal cyst morphology.
  • Evaluation of criteria for kidney donor assessment.

Main Results:

  • The term 'simple renal cyst' is inconsistently used.
  • Stage I renal cysts (Bosniak Classification) represent non-complex lesions.
  • Current evidence does not universally support excluding donors with Stage I renal cysts.

Conclusions:

  • Replace 'simple renal cyst' with 'Stage I renal cyst' (Bosniak Classification) for clarity.
  • Stage I renal cysts should not automatically contraindicate kidney donation.
  • Thorough donor assessment, including exclusion of occult renal disease, remains crucial.