Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes01:30

Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes

1.5K
Spirochetes, unique bacteria in the phylum Spirochaetes, are gram-negative, motile, tightly coiled, slender, and flexible. They inhabit aquatic sediments and animals, with some causing diseases like syphilis. Spirochetes are classified into eight genera based on habitat, pathogenicity, phylogeny, and characteristics.Their distinctive motility arises from endoflagella, located within the cell’s periplasm. These endoflagella anchor at the cell poles and extend along the cell length, encased...
1.5K
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

17
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
17
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

52
Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
52
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

10
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
10
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

10
Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
10
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

9
Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
9

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Delineating RSV-A and RSV-B: Epidemiological Patterns, Diagnostics, Clinical Severity, and Preventive Approaches.

Journal of medical virology·2026
Same author

Circulating matrix metalloproteinase profile in early-stage primary biliary cholangitis.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Assessing Europe's policy readiness to confront the MASLD/MASH public health threat.

The Lancet regional health. Europe·2026
Same author

The impact of pediatric influenza and COVID-19 hospitalization on parental attitudes toward vaccination.

Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics·2026
Same author

Towards elimination of viral hepatitis in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia: insights from the Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board (VHPB).

Clinical and experimental hepatology·2026
Same author

Osteoporosis in primary biliary cholangitis: from cholestasis to fracture prevention.

Clinical and experimental hepatology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR
07:20

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR

Published on: February 4, 2018

21.9K

Lyme borreliosis.

Tomasz Szulżyk1, Robert Flisiak1

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University, 14 Żurawia Street, 15-540 Białystok, Poland.

Annals of Parasitology
|August 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lyme borreliosis, a tick-borne illness, is diagnosed using a two-step antibody test and treated with antibiotics. Current evidence does not support extended or combination antibiotic therapies for Lyme disease.

Keywords:
Borrelia burgdorferiLyme borreliosisLyme diseasearthritiserythema migransneuroborreliosis

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Expanding the Scope of Multiplex Immunoassays for Lyme Borreliosis Diagnostics and Pathogen Research
05:25

Author Spotlight: Expanding the Scope of Multiplex Immunoassays for Lyme Borreliosis Diagnostics and Pathogen Research

Published on: July 14, 2023

2.4K
Feeding of Ticks on Animals for Transmission and Xenodiagnosis in Lyme Disease Research
08:23

Feeding of Ticks on Animals for Transmission and Xenodiagnosis in Lyme Disease Research

Published on: August 31, 2013

12.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR
07:20

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR

Published on: February 4, 2018

21.9K
Author Spotlight: Expanding the Scope of Multiplex Immunoassays for Lyme Borreliosis Diagnostics and Pathogen Research
05:25

Author Spotlight: Expanding the Scope of Multiplex Immunoassays for Lyme Borreliosis Diagnostics and Pathogen Research

Published on: July 14, 2023

2.4K
Feeding of Ticks on Animals for Transmission and Xenodiagnosis in Lyme Disease Research
08:23

Feeding of Ticks on Animals for Transmission and Xenodiagnosis in Lyme Disease Research

Published on: August 31, 2013

12.8K

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Lyme borreliosis is a tick-borne infectious disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi.
  • It is prevalent in Europe, with increasing cases reported in Poland.
  • Early symptoms include erythema migrans, potentially progressing to nervous system, joint, or heart involvement if untreated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic and treatment protocols for Lyme borreliosis.
  • To emphasize evidence-based medicine in managing the disease.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis relies on clinical presentation and a two-step laboratory approach: enzyme immunoassay (EIA) followed by western blot if positive or equivocal.
  • Early-stage treatment involves oral antibiotics (amoxicillin, doxycycline, cefuroxime axetil) for 14-21 days.
  • Advanced cases (neuroborreliosis, carditis, arthritis) may require intravenous antibiotics (ceftriaxone, penicillin) for 14-28 days.

Main Results:

  • The recommended diagnostic pathway involves specific antibody testing via EIA and western blot.
  • Standard oral and intravenous antibiotic regimens are effective for early and advanced Lyme borreliosis, respectively.
  • Clinical trials do not support the superiority of prolonged, high-dose, combination, or sequential antibiotic therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Adherence to established diagnostic criteria and standard antibiotic treatment durations is crucial for Lyme borreliosis management.
  • Current evidence-based medicine principles discourage the use of extended or complex antibiotic regimens.
  • Further research may be needed to explore optimal treatment strategies, but current recommendations prioritize standard protocols.