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Related Concept Videos

Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems01:27

Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems

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A pressure-composition phase diagram explicitly describes the behavior of an ideal solution of two volatile liquids under varying pressures and compositions. A pressure-composition diagram has two main curves. The bubble point curve represents the plot of pressure versus liquid mole fraction. It indicates the pressure at which the first bubble of vapor forms from the liquid phase as the system pressure decreases.The dew point curve is the pressure versus vapor mole fraction. It indicates the...
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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

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The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
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Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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First-order liquid-liquid phase transition in cerium.

A Cadien1, Q Y Hu1, Y Meng2

  • 1School of Physics, Astronomy and Computational Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|August 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Scientists observed the first liquid-liquid phase transition in cerium metal. High pressure and temperature caused a density change, revealing insights into electron behavior and first-order transitions.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • High-Pressure Science

Background:

  • Cerium (Ce) is a rare-earth metal with complex electronic properties.
  • Understanding phase transitions in metals under extreme conditions is crucial for materials science.
  • Previous studies hinted at unusual behavior in liquid cerium but lacked direct experimental evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally confirm and characterize the liquid-liquid phase transition in cerium.
  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms driving this transition using theoretical models.
  • To determine the order of the transition and identify its critical point.

Main Methods:

  • In situ high-pressure and high-temperature X-ray diffraction experiments.
  • Utilizing advanced theoretical models based on ab initio calculations.
  • Analyzing density changes and structural transformations under extreme conditions.

Main Results:

  • First direct experimental observation of a liquid-liquid phase transition in monatomic liquid cerium.
  • At 13 GPa and 1550–1900 K, a high-density liquid transformed into a low-density liquid, with a 14% density difference.
  • Theoretical models confirmed the transition originates from f-electron delocalization.

Conclusions:

  • The observed liquid-liquid phase transition in cerium is of the first order.
  • The transition is driven by the delocalization of f electrons.
  • A critical point exists for this phase transition in cerium.