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Related Concept Videos

Free Jet01:14

Free Jet

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Free jets describe the flow of liquid exiting a reservoir through an opening into the atmosphere without resistance. The velocity (v) of the liquid jet is derived using Bernoulli's principle and expressed as:
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Capillarity in Fluid01:19

Capillarity in Fluid

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Capillarity describes the movement of liquid in small spaces without external forces acting on it. The capillarity is driven by surface tension and adhesive interactions between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. This effect is often seen in narrow tubes, porous materials, and fine particles.
Surface tension is crucial to capillarity. It results from cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the liquid-air boundary, forming a skin that resists external forces. When the capillary tube...
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Viscosity of Fluid01:19

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Viscosity measures the resistance a fluid offers to flow and deformation. It results from internal friction between layers of fluid moving relative to one another. Dynamic viscosity, denoted by the Greek letter mu (μ), quantifies the force needed to move one fluid layer over another. For Newtonian fluids like water and air, the relationship between the shearing stress and the rate of shearing strain is linear, meaning their viscosity remains constant regardless of the applied stress.
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube01:18

Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube

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When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.
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Viscosity01:17

Viscosity

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When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to the surface of the container. This difference in the flow of different kinds of liquids arises due to the fluid friction between the liquid layers and the liquid and the surrounding material. This property of fluids is called fluid viscosity. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup.
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Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface
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Delayed capillary breakup of falling viscous jets.

A Javadi1, J Eggers2, D Bonn3

  • 1Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan 45195-1159, Iran and Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, École Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.

Physical Review Letters
|August 29, 2014
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Summary

High-viscosity fluid jets, like honey, can extend over 10 meters before breaking. Their intact length is determined by flow rate, viscosity, and surface tension, with a formula derived for high-viscosity cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Rheology
  • Surface physics

Background:

  • Thin jets of viscous fluids exhibit instability and break into droplets.
  • The Rayleigh-Plateau instability, driven by surface tension, governs droplet formation.
  • Understanding jet behavior is crucial for various industrial and natural processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the relationship between a viscous jet's intact length and key physical parameters.
  • To investigate the influence of flow rate, viscosity, and surface tension on jet breakup.
  • To validate theoretical predictions with experimental observations.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratory experiments involving falling viscous fluid jets.
  • Theoretical analysis using the WKB approximation for shape perturbation growth.
  • Mathematical modeling to derive the jet's intact length formula.

Main Results:

  • The intact length of viscous jets was experimentally measured.
  • A theoretical formula was derived for the jet's intact length (l(b)) in the high-viscosity limit: l(b)∼(gQ(2)η(4)/γ(4))(1/3).
  • Experimental and theoretical results showed good agreement, particularly for shorter jets.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a quantitative understanding of viscous jet breakup dynamics.
  • The derived formula accurately predicts jet length for high-viscosity fluids under gravitational stretching.
  • Deviations in very long jets suggest potential limitations or unconsidered factors in the model.