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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

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Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.2K
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

1.7K
The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
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Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
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Defect-mediated spin relaxation and dephasing in graphene.

M B Lundeberg1, R Yang1, J Renard1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4.

Physical Review Letters
|August 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Magnetic defects, not spin-orbit interaction, cause rapid spin relaxation in graphene, hindering quantum spintronics. This quantum interference study identifies magnetic impurities as the main decoherence source in graphene spin transport.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Materials science
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Graphene is a promising material for quantum spintronics due to expected negligible hyperfine and spin-orbit interactions.
  • Experimental spin transport in graphene reveals spin relaxation rates significantly faster than theoretical predictions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the primary sources of spin decoherence in graphene.
  • To differentiate between magnetic and nonmagnetic contributions to spin relaxation.
  • To clarify the role of spin-orbit interaction in graphene's spin dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized quantum interference measurements.
  • Developed techniques to disentangle magnetic and nonmagnetic decoherence sources.
  • Performed spin transport experiments in single-layer graphene.

Main Results:

  • Identified magnetic defects as the dominant cause of spin relaxation in graphene.
  • Demonstrated that magnetic impurities mask the potential effects of spin-orbit interaction.
  • Quantified the contribution of magnetic decoherence to spin relaxation.

Conclusions:

  • Magnetic defects are the primary limitation for spin coherence in graphene, not intrinsic spin-orbit interactions.
  • Understanding and mitigating magnetic impurities is crucial for realizing graphene's potential in quantum spintronics.
  • Future research should focus on defect control and reduction in graphene fabrication.