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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Induced-fit Model

Induced-fit Model

Most chemical reactions in cells require enzymes—biological catalysts that speed up the reaction without being consumed or permanently changed. They reduce the activation energy needed to convert the reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins, that usually work by binding to a substrate—a reactant molecule that they act upon.
Enzymes exhibit substrate specificity, meaning that they can only bind to certain substrates. This is mainly determined by the shape and chemical...

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes...

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

Enzymes

Enzymes

Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
Enzyme deficiencies can often translate into life-threatening diseases. For example, a genetic abnormality resulting in the deficiency of the enzyme G6PD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

Published on: January 16, 2016

Transient substrate-induced catalyst formation in a dynamic molecular network.

Hugo Fanlo-Virgós¹, Andrea-Nekane R Alba, Saleh Hamieh

¹Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands) http://www.otto-lab.com.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|August 30, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a synthetic catalyst that self-assembles when its substrate is present and disassembles after the reaction is complete. This breakthrough offers new control over synthetic catalysis.

Keywords:

aza-Cope rearrangement combinatorial chemistry dynamic molecular networks supramolecular chemistry systems chemistry

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Area of Science:

Synthetic chemistry
Catalysis
Biomimetic systems

Background:

Enzyme regulation is crucial in biology but underdeveloped in synthetic catalysis.
Controlling synthetic catalysts dynamically remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer a synthetic catalyst that is regulated by its substrate.
To create a dynamic molecular network capable of self-assembly and disassembly of a catalyst.

Main Methods:

Utilized a dynamic molecular network to construct a catalyst.
Demonstrated substrate-induced catalyst formation.
Showcased catalyst disassembly upon substrate depletion.

Main Results:

A synthetic catalyst was successfully formed from a dynamic molecular network in response to substrate presence.
The catalyst efficiently converted the substrate.
The molecular network disassembled the catalyst after complete substrate conversion.

Conclusions:

Substrate-induced catalyst formation and disassembly were achieved in a synthetic system.
This work provides a novel mechanism for controlling synthetic catalysis.
Opens avenues for advanced, regulated catalytic systems.