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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Author Spotlight: Non-Contact Measurement of Tissue Mechanics in Live Chick Embryos Using Brillouin Microscopy
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Comprehensive developmental mechanisms in gastroschisis.

Frédéric Bargy1, Sylvie Beaudoin

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Institut d'Anatomie des Saints Pères, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.

Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
|August 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Gastroschisis may arise from the rupture of the right-sided umbilical cord pouch, which covers intestinal loops. This condition could stem from amniotic damage, potentially caused by an unknown toxin, leading to further bowel injury.

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Area of Science:

  • Embryology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pediatric Surgery

Background:

  • Gastroschisis development is controversial, lacking robust embryological support for existing theories.
  • Previous research has not provided comprehensive embryological evidence for gastroschisis etiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the embryological origins of gastroschisis.
  • To correlate anatomical and microscopic findings with clinical features of gastroschisis.

Main Methods:

  • Anatomical and microscopic examination of embryonic and fetal abdominal walls and umbilical cords.
  • Analysis of clinical features associated with gastroschisis.

Main Results:

  • The developing umbilical cord has a firm left part (vessels, urachus) and a thin right-sided pouch.
  • This right-sided pouch covers intestinal loops (physiological umbilical hernia) and its rupture may cause gastroschisis.

Conclusions:

  • Gastroschisis may result from amniotic damage, possibly due to an unidentified toxin.
  • Subsequent mesenteric injury can explain further intestinal damage in gastroschisis.