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Related Concept Videos

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Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell death caused by severe injury such as ischemia, toxins, or trauma. Unlike programmed cell death, it is an uncontrolled, pathological process that typically provokes inflammation in surrounding tissues.Pathophysiologic ChangesNecrosis begins when cells sustain critical damage, leading to swelling of organelles, particularly mitochondria, and rapid ATP depletion. As energy levels decline, membrane ion pumps fail, leading to calcium influx and eventually,...
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Intestinal Obstruction II: Pathophysiology01:07

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Intestinal obstruction triggers a series of physiological responses, starting with gas and fluid accumulation in the bowel segment proximal to the obstruction, leading to distension. This distended intestine compresses the diaphragm, hindering lung expansion and potentially leading to reduced respiratory effort, atelectasis, and pneumonia.To overcome the blockage, the gut intensifies contractions, causing colicky abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, which reduces fluid and food intake and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

In Vitro Apical-Out Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
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Necrotizing enterocolitis: the mystery goes on.

Josef Neu1

  • 1Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla., USA.

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|August 30, 2014
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Summary

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a complex condition in premature infants that remains poorly understood despite decades of research. New insights suggest NEC may encompass multiple distinct diseases with varied causes, necessitating improved diagnostic and predictive strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Gastroenterology
  • Pediatric Surgery

Background:

  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a significant gastrointestinal emergency affecting premature infants, persisting despite advances in neonatal intensive care.
  • The pathophysiology of NEC remains poorly understood, hindering effective eradication strategies.
  • Current understanding may group distinct intestinal diseases under the single term 'NEC', complicating research and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate the different forms of disease historically classified as NEC.
  • To discuss the multifactorial pathophysiology of NEC, including genetic, inflammatory, and microbial factors.
  • To review current diagnostic methods and explore novel biomarker technologies for NEC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on NEC pathophysiology and classification.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to intestinal necrosis in neonates.
  • Description of current and emerging diagnostic and predictive biomarker technologies for NEC.

Main Results:

  • NEC likely represents several distinct disease entities, not a single condition.
  • Pathophysiology involves multifactorial elements: intestinal immaturity, hemodynamic instability, inflammation, and dysbiosis.
  • Current diagnostic approaches are limited; innovative biomarkers are under development.

Conclusions:

  • Recognizing NEC as a spectrum of diseases is crucial for advancing research.
  • Understanding the diverse pathophysiological pathways is key to developing targeted therapies.
  • Future strategies should focus on advanced diagnostics and predictive biomarkers for improved NEC management.