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Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
Published on: December 14, 2011
Quantification of instability of tone production in embouchure dystonia
André Lee1, Shinichi Furuya1, Masanori Morise2
1University of Music, Drama and Media Hannover, Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Emmichplatz 1, 30175 Hannover, Germany.
Introduction:
Musician's dystonia is a task-specific loss of voluntary motor control of the fingers or the embouchure. In contrast to pianists' dystonia, which can be objectively assessed based on movement kinematics and muscular activities, no objective quantitative measure has been established for embouchure dystonia.
Methods:
We focused on acoustic signals, and investigated, whether the fluctuation of the time-varying fundamental frequency of a note can provide an objective and reliable measure of embouchure dystonia.
Results:
A comparison between patients with embouchure dystonia and healthy controls found a significantly higher variability of the fundamental frequency for the patients.
Conclusion:
The present findings propose a new quantification and objectivation method for embouchure dystonia.
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