Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Genomic epidemiology and evolutionary analysis of Lassa virus from small mammals suggest bidirectional viral movement across humans and animals.

Virus evolution·2026

Same author

T Cell Exhaustion as a Regulated Differentiation Programme.

European journal of immunology·2026

Same author

A phase I, needle free, dose escalation clinical trial of pEVAC-PS, a candidate pan-Sarbecovirus Vaccine.

The Journal of infection·2026

Same author

IL-17REL disarms inflammation.

Nature immunology·2026

Same author

Systems biology to unravel Western diet-associated triggers in inflammatory bowel disease.

Frontiers in immunology·2025

Same author

CD4<sup>+</sup> tissue-resident memory T cells and their role in immunity.

Immunology and cell biology·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation

A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation

Published on: April 2, 2012

A helminth-mediated viral awakening.

Marc Veldhoen¹, Jonathan L Heeney²

¹Laboratory for Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.

Trends in Immunology

|September 2, 2014

Summary

Helminth infections can unexpectedly change how the body fights off other viruses like Herpesvirus and Norovirus. This occurs by altering the local cytokine environment, impacting overall host health.

More Related Videos

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 25, 2026

A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation

A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation

Published on: April 2, 2012

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

Area of Science:

Immunology
Virology
Parasitology

Background:

Co-infections can lead to unpredictable health outcomes.
Understanding the mechanisms of altered host response during co-infection is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide mechanistic insights into how acute helminth infections affect Herpesvirus and Norovirus outcomes.
To elucidate the role of the local cytokine environment in mediating these interactions.

Main Methods:

Analysis of host immune responses during co-infection.
Investigation of cytokine profiles in response to helminth and viral infections.

Main Results:

Acute helminth infections significantly alter the local cytokine environment.
These alterations impact the susceptibility and/or severity of subsequent Herpesvirus and Norovirus infections.

Conclusions:

Helminth infections can modulate the host's immune response to viral pathogens.
The cytokine milieu is a key factor in determining the outcome of co-infections.