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Upconverting nanoparticles: assessing the toxicity.

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Lanthanide doped nanoparticles (Ln:NPs) offer advanced luminescent properties for biomedical imaging. However, their unique characteristics, including small size and high reactivity, raise concerns about potential nanotoxicity in biological applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanobiophotonics
  • Materials Science
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Lanthanide doped nanoparticles (Ln:NPs) are promising luminescent probes for nanobiophotonics.
  • Their desirable properties include photostability, narrowband photoluminescence, anti-Stokes emission, and long luminescence lifetimes, crucial for advanced detection methods.
  • Despite these advantages, concerns regarding the toxicity of Ln:NPs for in vivo and in vitro applications persist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To survey the underlying mechanisms of nanotoxicity associated with engineered bionanomaterials.
  • To provide an overview of the nanotoxicity of lanthanides and upconverting nanoparticles.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on nanotoxicity mechanisms.
  • Compilation of existing data on lanthanide and upconverting nanoparticle toxicity.

Main Results:

  • Nanoparticle toxicity can stem from both chemical composition and physical properties like small size.
  • Small size facilitates deep tissue penetration and organ accumulation, bypassing biological barriers.
  • High surface chemical reactivity and large surface-to-volume ratio impact nanoparticle biocompatibility.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding nanotoxicity mechanisms is crucial for the safe application of Ln:NPs in biomedicine.
  • Further research is needed to mitigate potential adverse effects of lanthanide-based nanomaterials.