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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

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Exercise-related transient abdominal pain (ETAP).

Darren Morton¹, Robin Callister

¹Faculty of Education and Science, Lifestyle Research Centre, Avondale College of Higher Education, PO Box 19, Cooranbong, NSW, 2265, Australia, darren.morton@avondale.edu.au.

Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)

|September 3, 2014

Summary

Exercise-related transient abdominal pain (ETAP), or

Area of Science:

Sports Medicine
Exercise Physiology
Gastroenterology

Background:

Exercise-related transient abdominal pain (ETAP), commonly known as 'stitch', affects a significant portion of athletes, particularly runners.
ETAP presents as localized abdominal pain, often along the costal border, and can radiate to the shoulder.
Factors like pre-exercise meals, hypertonic beverages, and repetitive torso movements exacerbate ETAP.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a contemporary understanding of exercise-related transient abdominal pain (ETAP).
To review proposed mechanisms and management strategies for ETAP.
To highlight the need for further research into the etiology of ETAP.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature and theories on the pathophysiology of ETAP.

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Analysis of anecdotal evidence for prevention and relief strategies.

Synthesis of current knowledge regarding ETAP prevalence and characteristics.

Main Results:

ETAP affects up to 70% of runners, with approximately 20% experiencing it per event.
Multiple theories exist for ETAP's cause, including diaphragmatic ischemia and peritoneal irritation.
The theory of parietal peritoneum irritation best explains ETAP's clinical features, though further investigation is needed.

Conclusions:

While irritation of the parietal peritoneum is the leading theory, the exact cause of ETAP remains unclear.
Current management and prevention strategies for ETAP are largely anecdotal.
Increased research over the past 15 years has improved our understanding, but more studies are required.