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Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Quantifying Yeast Chronological Life Span by Outgrowth of Aged Cells
Published on: May 6, 2009
The relative ages of eukaryotes and akaryotes
David Penny1, Lesley J Collins, Toni K Daly
1Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, d.penny@massey.ac.nz.
Abstract:
The Last Eukaryote Common Ancestor (LECA) appears to have the genetics required for meiosis, mitosis, nucleus and nuclear substructures, an exon/intron gene structure, spliceosomes, many centres of DNA replication, etc. (and including mitochondria). Most of these features are not generally explained by models for the origin of the Eukaryotic cell based on the fusion of an Archeon and a Bacterium. We find that the term 'prokaryote' is ambiguous and the non-phylogenetic term akaryote should be used in its place because we do not yet know the direction of evolution between eukaryotes and akaryotes. We use the term 'protoeukaryote' for the hypothetical stem group ancestral eukaryote that took up a bacterium as an endosymbiont that formed the mitochondrion. It is easier to make detailed models with a eukaryote to an akaryote transition, rather than vice versa. So we really are at a phylogenetic impasse in not being confident about the direction of change between eukaryotes and akaryotes.
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