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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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Cardiac computed tomography (CT) scanning is an advanced cardiac imaging technique that utilizes CT technology, with or without intravenous (IV) contrast, to produce accurate cross-sectional virtual slices of specific areas of the heart, coronary circulation, and major blood vessels such as the aorta, pulmonary veins, and arteries. The computer processes these slices to generate three-dimensional images. Multidetector CT (MDCT) is a rapid form of CT scanning that captures multiple slices...
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Non-cavitated carious lesions detection methods: a systematic review.

Juliana Gomez, M Tellez, I A Pretty

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    |September 3, 2014
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    This study critically appraised methods for detecting non-cavitated carious lesions (NCCLs). Electrical Conductance (EC) and Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF) show promise for early lesion detection, though visual methods remain practical standards.

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    Area of Science:

    • Dental diagnostics
    • Caries detection technology
    • Evidence-based dentistry

    Background:

    • Accurate detection of non-cavitated carious lesions (NCCLs) is crucial for timely intervention.
    • Existing diagnostic methods for NCCLs vary in performance and reliability.
    • A critical appraisal of current detection techniques is needed to guide clinical practice.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To critically appraise the performance of various detection methods for non-cavitated carious lesions (NCCLs).
    • To compare the sensitivity, specificity, and reliability of different diagnostic tools.
    • To identify promising methods for early caries detection.

    Main Methods:

    • Systematic literature search of Medline, Cochrane Collaboration, Scielo, and EMBASE.
    • Inclusion of 42 studies describing 85 clinical assessments, evaluating Visual (V), Caries Lesion Activity Assessment (CLAA), Laser Fluorescence (LF), Radiographic (R), Fibre-optic Transillumination (FOTI), Electrical Conductance (EC), and Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF) methods.
    • Histological assessment or clinical/visual validation used as gold standard; sensitivity, specificity, and reliability reported.

    Main Results:

    • Overall quality of evidence for NCCL detection methods was rated 'poor', except for EC ('fair').
    • Sensitivity (SE) and Specificity (SP) values showed wide variations across methods.
    • EC (SE: 0.61–0.92, SP: 0.73–1.0) and QLF (SE: 0.82, SP: 0.92) demonstrated promising results for early lesion detection.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant variability and inconsistency exist in the definition of disease and analytical methods for NCCL detection.
    • Electrical Conductance (EC) and Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF) are promising for detecting early non-cavitated carious lesions.
    • Despite limitations, visual methods remain the standard for clinical assessment in dental practice due to cost and practicality.