Urethrovaginal fistula: a rare complication of transurethral catheterization

In the developed world, urethrovaginal fistulas are most often observed after urethral diverticulum repair attempts, anterior repairs, or sling procedures. Obstetrical causes are exceptionally rare. In this case of urethrovaginal fistula, the cause was urethral trauma during routine transurethral catheterization, which was most likely caused by the inappropriate placement or displacement of a Foley catheter balloon during normal delivery. We discuss the presentation, diagnosis, and surgical management.