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Sensorimotor trigeminal unbalance modulates pupil size.

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Temporo-Mandibular Disorder (TMD) patients with asymmetric muscle activity also show pupil size asymmetry. Correcting bite imbalances reduced this asymmetry, suggesting trigeminal signals influence pupil size and potentially brain processing.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Physiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Temporo-Mandibular Disorder (TMD) is often associated with asymmetric masticatory muscle activity.
  • Pupil size is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and can reflect cognitive and emotional states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between asymmetric electromyographic (EMG) activity in masticatory muscles and pupil size asymmetry in TMD patients.
  • To explore the influence of sensorimotor signals from the orofacial region on pupil size.
  • To determine if occlusal adjustments affect pupil size and its correlation with EMG asymmetry.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 30 pain-free TMD patients with asymmetric EMG activity.
  • Measured pupil size and EMG activity of masticatory muscles.
  • Assessed changes in pupil size following orthotic correction and occlusal adjustments (bite wearing, precontact).

Main Results:

  • A significant positive correlation was found between left-right differences in EMG activity and pupil size in TMD patients.
  • Orthotic correction reduced both EMG asymmetry and pupil size asymmetry.
  • Bilateral bite wearing increased pupil dilation during haptic tasks, while occlusal unbalancing altered pupil diameter and abolished task-induced dilation.

Conclusions:

  • Trigeminal sensorimotor signals may tonically control autonomic structures regulating pupil size at rest and during sensorimotor tasks.
  • Unbalanced trigeminal activity might impact brain processing beyond the orofacial region, potentially affecting cognitive functions.
  • Pupil size asymmetry in TMD patients is linked to orofacial sensorimotor imbalances.