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Varicose veins, or varicosities, develop when the valves in the veins, which control blood flow, weaken or damage. It causes blood to pool and the veins to enlarge. Understanding the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management options for varicose veins is crucial for effective treatment and relief.Clinical manifestationsClinical manifestations of varicose veins include a heavy, achy feeling or pain after prolonged standing or sitting. This discomfort can often be relieved by...
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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Intraductal Delivery and X-ray Visualization of Ethanol-Based Ablative Solution for Prevention and Local Treatment of Breast Cancer in Mouse Models
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Ethanol sclerotherapy for venous malformation.

Frederica Steiner1, Trevor FitzJohn2, Swee T Tan3,4

  • 1Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.

ANZ Journal of Surgery
|September 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Ethanol sclerotherapy (ES) effectively treats venous malformations (VM), reducing pain and improving appearance and quality of life. Complication rates for ES are consistent with existing literature, making it a viable treatment option.

Keywords:
alcoholcomplicationembolizationethanolsclerotherapytreatmentvenous malformation

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Surgery
  • Interventional Radiology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Ethanol sclerotherapy (ES) is the primary treatment for venous malformations (VM).
  • Published data on the outcomes of ES for VM are limited.
  • Surgery is typically reserved as an adjunctive treatment for VM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document the outcomes of ethanol sclerotherapy (ES) for venous malformations (VM).
  • To evaluate the impact of ES on patient symptoms, appearance, function, and quality of life (QoL).
  • To assess patient satisfaction and complication rates associated with ES for VM.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective review of 226 VM patients treated between 1996 and 2011.
  • Patients completed validated questionnaires assessing symptoms, appearance, function, and QoL using visual analogue scales.
  • Data collected pre-treatment and >6 months post-treatment; patient satisfaction with ES was also recorded.

Main Results:

  • Ninety ES sessions were performed on 54 VM patients (23.9% of cohort).
  • Complications occurred in 22.2% of ES sessions (13.3% minor, 3.3% major).
  • ES significantly improved pain (86.0%), contour deformity (83.0%), skin discoloration (72.2%), appearance (69.8%), function (73.0%), and QoL (64.3%). Mean satisfaction was 7.9/10.

Conclusions:

  • Ethanol sclerotherapy is effective in reducing pain, improving contour deformity, and skin discoloration in VM patients.
  • ES significantly enhances patient appearance, function, and overall quality of life.
  • The complication rates observed in this study align with those reported in the literature, supporting the safety profile of ES for VM.