Melasma: a clinical and epidemiological review

Area of Science:

• Dermatology
• Clinical Medicine
• Epidemiology

Background:

• Melasma is a chronic acquired hypermelanosis presenting as irregular brown macules on sun-exposed areas, predominantly the face.
• It significantly impacts patients' quality of life and is a frequent reason for seeking dermatological care.
• The condition predominantly affects women, particularly during their reproductive years (menacme), and individuals with Fitzpatrick skin types III-V.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and discuss the primary clinical and epidemiological aspects of melasma.
• To consolidate current understanding of melasma's presentation and prevalence.
• To provide a comprehensive overview for healthcare professionals and researchers.

Main Methods:

• Literature review and synthesis of existing clinical and epidemiological data on melasma.
• Analysis of reported triggering factors and genetic predispositions.
• Discussion of patient demographics and disease characteristics.

Main Results:

• Melasma is characterized by symmetrical, irregular brown macules on the face.
• Key triggering factors include sun exposure, hormonal influences (pregnancy, sexual hormones), cosmetics, steroids, and photosensitizing drugs.
• A significant genetic predisposition exists, with over 40% of patients reporting affected relatives.

Conclusions:

• Melasma is a multifactorial skin condition with complex pathogeny.
• Understanding clinical presentation, epidemiology, and risk factors is crucial for effective management.
• Further research into pathogeny may lead to improved therapeutic strategies.