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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

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Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
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Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

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Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
156
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

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Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
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Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

188
Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
188
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

135
The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
135
Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

327
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450...
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Pharmacogenomics in psychiatry: implications for practice.

Thea R Moore, Angela M Hill, Siva K Panguluri1

  • 1Department of Pharmacotherapeutics & Clinical Research, University of South Florida College of Pharmacy, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd. MDC 30, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. Tmoore2@health.usf.edu.

Recent Patents on Biotechnology
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Summary

Pharmacogenomics can personalize psychotropic medication use by understanding how genes affect drug response. This approach helps mitigate risks and improve treatment for psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Psychiatric Pharmacology
  • Personalized Medicine

Background:

  • Psychotropic medications are essential for psychiatric and neurologic disorders but carry risks like adverse effects and drug interactions.
  • Risk mitigation strategies and adherence are crucial due to potential dangers and monitoring needs.
  • Understanding drug metabolism (e.g., CYP450 enzymes) and genetic variations is key.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review pharmacogenomic principles for select psychotropic drugs, focusing on atypical antipsychotics.
  • To explore how genetic biomarkers can guide personalized medicine in psychopharmacology.
  • To discuss patents related to specific antipsychotic medications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on pharmacogenomics and psychotropic medications.
  • Analysis of receptor activities, drug metabolism pathways (CYP450 2D6, 2C19), and genetic polymorphisms (DRD2, DRD3, 5HTR2A, 5HTR2C, HLA).
  • Examination of patents for atypical antipsychotics (aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone).

Main Results:

  • Pharmacogenomic insights into receptor activity and genetic variations offer opportunities for personalized psychotropic therapy.
  • Atypical antipsychotics, widely used for conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, are a key focus.
  • Genetic biomarkers can predict drug response and potential adverse effects.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating pharmacogenomics into psychotropic prescribing can enhance treatment efficacy and safety.
  • Personalized medicine approaches, informed by genetic data, hold significant promise for managing psychiatric disorders.
  • Further research and clinical application of pharmacogenomics are needed to optimize psychotropic drug selection and dosing.