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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Peptides and peptidomimetics as immunomodulators.

Ameya S Gokhale1, Seetharama Satyanarayanajois

  • 1Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA.

Immunotherapy
|September 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Peptides and peptidomimetics modulate immune responses for tolerance or stimulation. Understanding epitopes and structure is key for developing new therapies for autoimmune diseases and cancer.

Keywords:
T-cell epitopecyclotideimmunomodulationpeptide-based vaccinepeptidomimeticsβ-amino acid

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Peptides and peptidomimetics are crucial for modulating immune responses, either by blocking or stimulating them to induce tolerance.
  • Designing effective immunomodulating agents requires knowledge of B-cell and T-cell epitopes, alongside conformational constraints.
  • Advances in peptide conformational analysis, synthesis, and amino acid modification have paved the way for novel therapeutics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the design principles of peptides and peptidomimetics for immunomodulation.
  • To highlight their application in treating autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, and HIV infection.
  • To discuss the use of peptide epitopes in cancer therapy for enhancing the body's immune response against cancer cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on peptide and peptidomimetic design for immunomodulation.
  • Analysis of structure-activity relationships concerning B-cell and T-cell epitopes.
  • Examination of conformational constraints and modified amino acid side chains in therapeutic agents.

Main Results:

  • Peptide-based agents can be designed to block or stimulate immune responses, facilitating tolerance induction.
  • Specific peptide designs are effective in managing autoimmune conditions and HIV infection.
  • Peptide epitopes are utilized in cancer vaccines to train the immune system against malignant cells.

Conclusions:

  • Peptide and peptidomimetic design is a promising strategy for developing targeted immunomodulatory therapies.
  • Further research into epitopes and conformational aspects will advance treatments for autoimmune diseases and cancer.
  • These agents offer potential for both preventing autoimmune reactions and enhancing anti-cancer immunity.