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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice
09:33

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice

Published on: March 22, 2018

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The olfactory transcriptomes of mice.

Ximena Ibarra-Soria1, Maria O Levitin1, Luis R Saraiva2

  • 1Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Plos Genetics
|September 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers quantified mouse olfactory receptor (OR) and vomeronasal receptor (VR) gene expression using deep RNA sequencing. Most functional OR and VR genes are expressed, revealing reproducible expression patterns and novel genes.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The mouse genome encodes approximately 1700 olfactory (OR) and vomeronasal receptor (VR) genes and pseudogenes.
  • Many OR and VR genes lack experimental validation and detailed annotation due to their complexity and expression patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively quantify the expression of OR and VR genes in the mouse olfactory system.
  • To generate accurate gene annotations and explore novel gene expression in olfactory tissues.

Main Methods:

  • Deep RNA sequencing, expression microarrays, and quantitative RT-PCR were employed on mouse vomeronasal organs and olfactory mucosa.
  • Analysis included both male and female mice to assess sex-based expression differences.

Main Results:

  • Evidence of expression was found for all annotated functional VR genes and nearly all OR genes.
  • Over 1100 new, multi-exonic, extended receptor gene annotations were generated.
  • OR and VR gene expression exhibited reproducible, non-random abundance distributions, with minimal sex-based differences.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a quantitative catalog of genes involved in olfactory perception and pheromone detection.
  • Minimal sex-specific peripheral gene expression differences suggest central mechanisms underlie sexual dimorphism in olfactory behavior.
  • Hundreds of novel, potentially protein-coding genes were identified in olfactory tissues.