Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

26
DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic...
26
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

13
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
13
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

8
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
8
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

13
Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous...
13
Intestinal Obstruction II: Pathophysiology01:07

Intestinal Obstruction II: Pathophysiology

36
Intestinal obstruction triggers a series of physiological responses, starting with gas and fluid accumulation in the bowel segment proximal to the obstruction, leading to distension. This distended intestine compresses the diaphragm, hindering lung expansion and potentially leading to reduced respiratory effort, atelectasis, and pneumonia.To overcome the blockage, the gut intensifies contractions, causing colicky abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, which reduces fluid and food intake and...
36
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

12
A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial...
12

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Collaborative passive cooling of impact-hardening interfaces enabled by nacre-mimetic design.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Human BBB-brain organoid on a millifluidic plate for modeling brain parenchymal pathology-induced barrier dysfunction.

Journal of advanced research·2026
Same author

Solute carrier family 6 member 14 (SLC6A14): Expression, function, regulation, and impact on tumor progression.

Biochemical pharmacology·2026
Same author

Sleep Traits and Cognitive Function: A Prospective Cohort Study With Exploration of Inflammatory Biomarkers.

Brain and behavior·2026
Same author

Novel Frameshift Variant in SORL1 Gene Identified in a EOAD Family Causes APP Sorting Dysfunction and Endolysosomal Swelling.

Molecular neurobiology·2026
Same author

The TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway is involved in levofloxacin-induced alleviation of neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease.

Journal of neuroimmunology·2026
Same journal

Substance-specific Mortality Risk Stratification Among Adults With Substance Use Disorders During Acute Respiratory Infection: A 3.4-Million-patient N3C Cohort Study.

Journal of addiction medicine·2026
Same journal

Exploring Diversion Concerns as a Modifiable Buprenorphine-prescribing Barrier Among Primary Care Professionals.

Journal of addiction medicine·2026
Same journal

Substance Use Among US Adults at Midlife: Risk Factors and Protective Factors Among National and Milwaukee Black American Samples.

Journal of addiction medicine·2026
Same journal

When "Kava" Isn't Kava: Opioid-like Withdrawal Responsive to Buprenorphine: A Case Study.

Journal of addiction medicine·2026
Same journal

The Association of Alcohol Withdrawal Severity Scales that Incorporate Vital Signs and Withdrawal Outcomes: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Journal of addiction medicine·2026
Same journal

Changes in Exposures of US Children Ages 12 and Under to Cannabis from 2000 to 2024.

Journal of addiction medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Investigating Alterations in Caecum Microbiota After Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice
04:29

Investigating Alterations in Caecum Microbiota After Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Published on: September 19, 2019

5.9K

"Toilet cake" encephalopathy.

Zhentao Zhang1, Alejandro Moreno

  • 1From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern at Austin, Austin, TX.

Journal of Addiction Medicine
|September 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details a rare case of neurotoxicity caused by inhaling paradichlorobenzene (PDB) from toilet bowl deodorizers. The patient experienced severe neurological symptoms, highlighting the dangers of PDB exposure.

More Related Videos

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

10.5K
A Neonatal BALB/c Mouse Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
05:39

A Neonatal BALB/c Mouse Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Published on: November 30, 2021

3.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Investigating Alterations in Caecum Microbiota After Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice
04:29

Investigating Alterations in Caecum Microbiota After Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Published on: September 19, 2019

5.9K
Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

10.5K
A Neonatal BALB/c Mouse Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
05:39

A Neonatal BALB/c Mouse Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Published on: November 30, 2021

3.5K

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Neuroscience
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Paradichlorobenzene (PDB) is a common aromatic compound used in household products like insect repellents and deodorizers.
  • Previous PDB neurotoxicity cases stemmed from mothball ingestion/inhalation or occupational exposure.
  • The chronic effects of PDB, particularly from non-traditional exposure routes, require further investigation.

Observation:

  • A postpartum woman presented with progressive mental status decline, lethargy, weakness, and neurological deficits including ataxia and rigidity.
  • Physical examination revealed a strong deodorizer odor, hyperpigmented skin lesions, and scratch marks.
  • Brain MRI showed characteristic enhancement in the splenium of the corpus callosum.

Findings:

  • The patient was diagnosed with paradichlorobenzene neurotoxicity due to habitual "toilet cake" sniffing.
  • Elevated urine levels of 2,5-dichlorophenol, a PDB metabolite, confirmed significant exposure.
  • Neurological symptoms persisted despite hospitalization, though skin lesions showed improvement.

Implications:

  • This case represents the first documented instance of PDB neurotoxicity linked to toilet bowl deodorizer abuse.
  • It underscores the potential neurotoxic risks associated with inhalant abuse of household chemicals.
  • Awareness and diagnostic vigilance are crucial for identifying PDB neurotoxicity in cases of altered mental status and exposure to common deodorizing products.