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Related Concept Videos

Reason and Intuition01:37

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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Reasoning is the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way. It is integral to problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking. Reasoning can be inductive or deductive. Reasoning involves transforming information into conclusions, which is essential for problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking.
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Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in degrees to which the conclusions are credible. As such, inductive arguments can be weak or strong, rather than valid or invalid, and conclusions can be used to formulate testable, falsifiable hypotheses.
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Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning, which means that it uses a general principle or law to predict specific results. From those general principles, a scientist can deduce and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid.
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A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
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According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...
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Reason and less.

Vinod Goel1

  • 1Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto ON, Canada ; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo Venice, Italy.

Frontiers in Psychology
|September 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rationality is challenged by instinctual biases, such as voice timbre predicting election winners and height disparities in leadership. Current reasoning theories fail to explain these phenomena, necessitating a new "adulterated rationality" model.

Keywords:
Decision Makingbiasesevolutionary psychologyinstinctsrationalityreasoning

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Humans perceive themselves as rational decision-makers, selecting actions based on logical reasons.
  • However, observable phenomena challenge this view, suggesting subconscious influences on choices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight instinctual biases that impact rational thought processes.
  • To propose an "adulterated rationality" framework to better explain these real-world decision-making phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of political candidate voice timbre shifts predicting election outcomes.
  • Examination of demographic data (e.g., CEO height) versus population statistics.
  • Theoretical argumentation to critique existing reasoning theories.

Main Results:

  • Voice timbre analysis accurately predicts U.S. presidential election winners.
  • Significant overrepresentation of tall white men in Fortune 500 CEO positions compared to the general population.

Conclusions:

  • Instinctual biases demonstrably influence decision-making, contradicting purely rational models.
  • Existing theories of reasoning are insufficient; an "adulterated rationality" concept is needed to incorporate these biases.