Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Cardiovascular Response01:20

Exercise and Cardiovascular Response

6.5K
Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...
6.5K
Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

3.7K
Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be...
3.7K
Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

3.4K
Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
3.4K
Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance01:29

Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance

2.2K
Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...
2.2K
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data01:23

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data

999
A thorough health history and physical assessment are essential for identifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) symptoms and distinguishing them from other health issues.
Initial Enquiry
Ask the patient about their primary concern and thoroughly explore all reported symptoms.
Medical History
Investigate past illnesses affecting the cardiovascular system, such as angina, anemia, rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, stroke, thrombophlebitis, dysrhythmias, varicosities
Inquire about symptoms...
999
Factors Influencing Heart Rate01:30

Factors Influencing Heart Rate

5.5K
The heart rate, or pulse rate, is a vital indicator of cardiovascular health. It reflects the number of times the heart beats per minute. Various physiological and environmental factors influence heart rate, increasing or decreasing cardiac output. Understanding these factors is crucial for assessing heart function and identifying potential health issues.
Let us explore the significant factors affecting heart rate, including age, body temperature, posture, acute pain, chemical influences,...
5.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Assessment of psychological and physiological responses to auditory and visual stimuli during recovery from acute stress induction.

Physiology international·2026
Same author

Influence of brief carbon dioxide inhalation on acute exercise performance and recovery: A pilot study.

Physiological reports·2026
Same author

Quantitative assessment of inspiratory loading on postprandial glycemia and metabolic response in healthy adults.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Evaluating the semi-chronic effects of household air pollution exposure on cardiopulmonary health under two different ventilation conditions.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Interrogating pulmonary diffusing capacity in long COVID: insights from DLCO and DLNO testing.

Frontiers in physiology·2025
Same author

Evidence for sustained physiological adaptation between consecutive exercise bouts at simulated altitude.

Physiological reports·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
07:26

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Published on: October 17, 2018

20.4K

Sex differences in cardiovascular function during submaximal exercise in humans.

Courtney M Wheatley1, Eric M Snyder2, Bruce D Johnson1

  • 1Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.

Springerplus
|September 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Females exhibit distinct cardiovascular responses during submaximal exercise, showing lower cardiac output and oxygen transport but higher mechanical efficiency compared to males. These differences highlight unique physiological adaptations in female cardiovascular function.

Keywords:
Arterial pressureCardiac outputCatecholaminesEnergy expenditureSystemic vascular resistance

More Related Videos

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice
10:00

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Published on: March 15, 2019

8.1K
Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine
12:37

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

Published on: February 9, 2016

12.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
07:26

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Published on: October 17, 2018

20.4K
Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice
10:00

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Published on: March 15, 2019

8.1K
Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine
12:37

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

Published on: February 9, 2016

12.4K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Exercise Science
  • Sex Differences in Physiology

Background:

  • Established sex differences in cardiovascular function exist at rest and during maximal exercise.
  • Cardiovascular responses during submaximal constant-load exercise remain less understood between sexes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex-based differences in cardiovascular function during moderate and vigorous submaximal exercise.
  • To elucidate the physiological mechanisms underlying these sex differences.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-one males and 33 females underwent submaximal exercise at 40% and 75% of peak watts.
  • Measurements included intra-arterial blood pressure, cardiac index (QI), heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), and arterial catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).
  • Calculated parameters included mean arterial pressure (MAP), stroke volume index (SVI), and systemic oxygen transport (SOT).

Main Results:

  • Females displayed lower QI, SVI, MAP, and SOT at rest and during exercise compared to males.
  • Females had lower VO2 and arterial oxygen content (CaO2) but higher mechanical efficiency.
  • When normalized for workload, females showed higher QI, HR, SV, VO2, and arterial to venous O2 difference (AVO2).

Conclusions:

  • Females exhibit limitations in cardiac performance during submaximal exercise, with reduced ability to increase HR to compensate for lower stroke volume.
  • A blunted sympathetic response and higher vasodilatory state in females may contribute to these observed cardiovascular differences.
  • Females utilize increased peripheral oxygen extraction, lower energy expenditure, and enhanced mechanical efficiency to meet exercise demands.